Communicative Language Teaching - 15330 Words

Communicative Language Teaching Today Jack C. Richards cambridge university press Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, Sà £o Paulo Cambridge University Press 32 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10013-2473, USA www.cambridge.org  © Cambridge University Press 2006 This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. Communicative Language Teaching Today is distributed with permission from SEAMEO Regional Language Centre and is part of the Portfolio series by SEAMEO Regional Language Centre which holds the copyright to this material. First†¦show more content†¦7. Dialogs are not used in CLT. 8. Both accuracy and fluency are goals in CLT. 9. CLT is usually described as a method of teaching. Communicative language teaching can be understood as a set of principles about the goals of language teaching, how learners learn a language, the kinds of classroom a ctivities that best facilitate learning, and the roles of teachers and learners in the classroom. Let us examine each of these issues in turn. The Goals of Language Teaching Communicative language teaching sets as its goal the teaching of communicative competence. What does this term mean? Perhaps we can clarify this term by first comparing it with the concept of grammatical competence. Grammatical 2 Communicative Language Teaching Today competence refers to the knowledge we have of a language that accounts for our ability to produce sentences in a language. It refers to knowledge of the building blocks of sentences (e.g., parts of speech, tenses, phrases, clauses, sentence patterns) and how sentences are formed. Grammatical competence is the focus of many grammar practice books, which typically present a rule of grammar on one page, and provide exercises to practice using the rule on the other page. The unit of analysis and practice is typically the sentence. While grammatical competence is an important dimension of language learning, it is clearly not all that is involved in learning a language since one can master the rulesShow MoreRelatedPrinciples Of Communicative Language Teaching2063 Words   |  9 PagesPrinciples of Communicative Language Teaching The ever-growing need for good communication skills in English has created a huge demand for English teaching all over the world. Nowadays, many people want to improve their command of English or to ensure that their children achieve a good command of English. The worldwide ultimatum for English has created a gigantic demand for quality language teaching, language teaching materials and resources, and appropriate teaching methodologies. Accordingly, theRead MoreCommunicative Language Teaching ( Clt ) Essay772 Words   |  4 PagesELT approaches led to the emergence of Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) that focuses on the semantic aspects of the language and fluency in the target language acquisition. Communicative Language Teaching is aâ€Å"hybrid approach to language teaching, essentially ‘progressive’ rather than ‘traditional’ (Wright, 2000). It is based on the theory that the principal function of language learning is communication. Hence the most fundamental principle of communicative approach is to make the learners engageRead MoreThe Communicative Language Teaching Method792 Words   |  4 PagesThe Communicative Language Teaching method, or CLT, is a product of the theory of communicated competence in language teaching. Communicative competence focuses on the ability of learners to comprehend and be comprehensible with a certain degree of fluency. The advent of communicative competence signaled a change from the prevailing theory of linguistic competence which focused more on the form and structure of language. However, although CLT heavily focuses on communication with the beliefRead MoreThe Pedagogical Aspects Of Communicative Language Teaching984 Words   |  4 PagesCommunicative Language Teaching This essay will take just a peek at some of the pedagogical aspects of Communicative Language Teaching and the teachers therein. As the U. K. entered the common market (EEC) in the early 1970s. A sharp rise in demand from our new European neighbours for The English Language landed on our shores. Due to the modernization of secondary schools not only in Europe but indeed worldwide, languages were a hot commodity and many were on offer, English being most sort afterRead MoreCommunicative Language Teaching ( Clt ) Approach1367 Words   |  6 PagesThe field of second language learning has undergone, in the past few decades, many changes. Nonetheless, from a variety of methods that have come and gone, one has been adopted as pioneer, which is the Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) approach. Nowadays, in fact, Communicative Language Teaching is one of the most common teaching methods adopted by teachers of second and foreign languages all over the world. Its origin can be found in the late 1960s early 1970s in the British academic systemRead MoreThe Western Training And Communicative Language Teaching1449 Words   |  6 Pages 1. Analyses the generic structure of the article The article is discussing the Western training and Communicative language teaching and mainly it argues about the impact of these teachings on a person who belongs from other languages. The role of TESOL is important here and the opinion and views of the other language teachers have been described. The discussion made in paper is in a proper and significant manner that is holding a generic structure for understanding. On the very first the paperRead MoreTHE USING OF COMMUNICATIVE LANGUAGE TEACHING APPROACH IN TEACHING SPEAKING3075 Words   |  13 PagesUSING OF COMMUNICATIVE LANGUAGE TEACHING APPROACH IN TEACHING SPEAKING Markus Dimu Radja ABSTRACT In teaching speaking teachers should know a).the concept of speaking, the element of the sound for instance phonemes because some of the students and including teachers still find difficulties in pronouncing them and b).models of learning and teaching and focused on CLT . Common to all version of Communicative Language Teaching is a theory of language teaching that stars from a communicative modelRead MoreAdapting Communicative Language Teaching Approach to China’s Context2844 Words   |  12 PagesThis essay intends to argue that to achieve success in English learning for Chinese students the methods of teaching must be reconsidered. Therefore this article is structured as follows: First, analyzing different types of English teaching methods in China and then focusing on the CLT Method. By analyzing and contrasting these English teaching methods, the need to change current English teaching methods in China will be discovered. Finally, explaining the problems of adopting the more modern CLT ApproachRead MoreCommunicative Language Teaching614 Words   |  2 PagesAs the chapter 2 showed, we can understand by communicative language teaching as: â€Å"An approach to language teaching that emphasizes learning a language first and foremost for the purpose of communicating with others† (P.Duff, 15). It’s important to consider that de former definition has the intention of developing communicative and linguistic skills such as writing, speaking and hearing within the EFL contexts. It sounds magnificent all this idea, but is it really happening in our classrooms nowadaysRead MoreA Communicative Approach to Language Teaching1512 Words   |  6 PagesCommunicative Approach to Language Teaching Objective The objective of this study is to examine the general context of the communicative approach in language teaching and describe the key features of a communicatively innovative approach with a focus on form and to describe in detail four central elements of an innovative and progressive approach to second language teaching. This work will additionally discuss the challenges found in relation to the application of these two elements. Introduction

Bullying And Its Effects On Society - 1313 Words

Bullying is defined as a use of superior strength or influence to intimidate someone, typically to force him or her to do what one wants. The bully and those who are bullied can be of any age; bullying does not discriminate. There are a number of psychological causes and effects that can cause bullying and also the lasting effects of. However, in order to understand the psychology behind bullying, one must understand the reasons that influence one to become a bully and the effects it can have on the person who is being bullied. This essay will discuss bullying and the causes and effects of those who bully and those who are getting bullied. There are a number of situations can shape a bully. A major factor in someone becoming a bully is the dynamics existent in dysfunctional families. (Common Causes of Bullying, 2014). In dysfunctional families, child abuse, neglect or misbehaviour is an everyday occurrence. A person may be accustomed to witnessing aggressive behaviour towards loved o nes. This creates a different reality in which the belief that showing little affection and being aggressive is normal. Therefore, he or she may take this belief and act on it; towards their peers. This can result in bullying, however, because they grew up in that environment, they are not aware of how wrong it can be. For example, if a child witnesses an elder physically or verbally abusing someone at home when something does not go their way, the child in that household will think that is howShow MoreRelatedBullying And Its Effect On Society1060 Words   |  5 PagesWhat is bullying? Google’s online dictionary defines bullying as using superior strength or influence to intimidate (someone), typically to force him or her to do what one wants. Many define bullying as physically, mentally, emotionally, and psychologically degrading another living being. Bullying has become a growing issue around the world. The act of bullying can begin with a small eye roll, but within a short period of time it can escalate to abuse. Bullying is an issue that cannot be takenRead MoreBullying And Its Effects On Society983 Words   |  4 Pagesother countries. Today’s youth have experienced nearly twice as much bullying than past generations. In the United States it is shown that forty-eight percent of junior high and high school students have been bullied. Seventy percent of all grade school students in the United States say they have bullied or have seen a fellow classmate bullied. The types of bullying in today’s schools include: physical, social, verbal, and cyber bullying. This is a problem that has been brought to the attention of schoolRead MoreBullying And Its Effects On Society1546 Words   |  7 Pages13, 2014 Bullying Continues to Worsen Rudeness can be defined in many ways, but the definition most fitting for this topic would be, lack of manners, discourtesy. It’s been around since the beginning of time, but it’s become increasingly popular in today’s society. There are infinite ways someone could be rude to others, for example not holding a door for the next person, making fun of someone, or even disrupting someone. One big problem in today’s generation is bullying. THESIS: Bullying has increasedRead MoreBullying And Its Effects On Society Essay1298 Words   |  6 PagesBullying, or being bullied, was once thought of as a normal process of growing up that had little to no impact in life. Now, it has become lethal enough to even go as far to convince one to end their life or commit a felony. The action of bullying a person has increased not just physically but also through the cyberspace world. As the world’s internet continues to expand with more social media and entertainment pages like Facebook, WorldStarHipHop, video blogging website, music video promotersRead MoreBullying And Its Effect On Society1633 Words   |  7 Pagesmay be exploited is through the familiar conviction of bullying. Bullying has been entrenched in American society as a relevant issue for quite some time. The word â€Å"bully† derives back from as far as the 1530’s. In 1838, the novel, Oliver Twist, exhibited the first use of bullying within literary work. Years later, in 1862, the first account of bullying was reported. Over one hundred years following this, the first proposition of an anti-bullying law was constructed. As time has persisted, the issueRead MoreBullying And Its Effects On Society1957 Words   |  8 PagesBullying is defined as â€Å"unwanted, aggressive behavior among people that involves a real or perceived power imbalance. The behavior is repeated, or has the potential to be repeated, over time. Both persons who are bullied and who bully others m ay have serious, lasting problems.† In this day and age, there are so many places advertising a no bullying sentiment or trying to get people to donate money or read about how to stop the bullying that goes on in high school. These websites and foundations areRead MoreBullying And Its Effects On Society2270 Words   |  10 PagesBullying is arguably one of the most common vices in our contemporary society that affects individuals across different settings in the society. Most people associate bullying with schools and teenagers, but the practice cuts across almost all institutions in the modern-day American society. People get bullied at workplaces and even in public institutions when seeking for public services. Bullying entails the use of perceived superior power by an individual to intimidate, threaten, or harm anotherRead MoreBullying And Its Effect On Society Essay2475 Words   |  10 PagesIt seems bullying has existed since the beginning of humanity. As we saw in the video during class, Competitiveness was first to arise before cooperation. The dynamics of bullying however are ever-changing and pose an even larger threat to society than ever before. From elementary school to high school, even in college and beyond. The various environments, the internet, work place and even at home. The variables of bullying have changed so dramatically over a considerably short passage of time,Read MoreBullying And Its Effects On Society1932 Words   |  8 PagesAbstract Bullying, a social issue that has been most associated with adolescent aggressive behavior from one to another, has expanded from the realms of the school halls to the Internet. But as laws have been passed and legislation enacted, are these adolescent populations still vulnerable? This paper describes the definition of bullying, power imbalance or struggle, public reaction, policies, public laws or administration rules, implementation of social welfare programs, actual impact, legislativeRead MoreBullying And Its Effects On Society1309 Words   |  6 PagesIt is very important for teachers to take a bigger approach on bullying because it can go undetected, be harmful to students, and have a negative impact on families. This also will make the environment where the bullying is taking place a negative place for others. Other people may say that they should just move then they can have a fresh start. However it is absolutely critical for schools to take a bigger approach towards bull ying because it can go undetected, be harmful to the victim and others

Climate Change Affects Economy Free Essays

Weather is one of the important elements in a certain county. Philippines is a tropical country and had two seasons: dry season and wet season. Being a tropical country, Philippines experience a hot weather which http://www. We will write a custom essay sample on Climate Change Affects Economy or any similar topic only for you Order Now mapsofworld. com/referrals/weather/climate/tropical-climate. html stated that tropical climate has an average temperature above 18?C. Climate change is one of the disasters that can barely affect the economy of a certain country. Baguio City, having a cold weather, is known as the â€Å"Summer Capital of the Philippines†. Tourists visit this country for relaxation and also for adventure and sight-seeing of some famous spots in this city. It makes a good contribution to the increasing number of tourists. Experiencing a cold temperature, there are some fruits and vegetables that only located and grow in this city because some grows only in a cold place like strawberries. According to http://www. abs-cbnnews. com/nation/regions/01/12/14/baguio-hits-lowest-temperature-2014 â€Å"Temperature dropped to its lowest this year in Baguio City. The Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) on Sunday said this morning’s 10. 3 ° Celsius temperature in the city is the lowest since September of 2013. Meantime, farmers in Mt. Cabuyao in Baguio City are bracing for some losses due to frost injuries on vegetables, which could worsen if cold weather conditions persist. † Due to low temperature that Baguio is facing, it widely affects the economy of the said city. Supply of vegetables decreases because of the said frost injuries. Lower supply of vegetables results to higher price in the market. This is a great example of Law of Supply. Economy of the Baguio is in great danger because of this kind of temperature. I can say that climate change really affects the economy of our country. YOLANDA PROPELS DEMAND FOR HOUSING GOODS Last November 8, 2013, a tragic disaster occurs in the Philippines particularly in the Visayas area. Typhoon Yolanda, having an international name â€Å"Haiyan†, landfalls at Tacloban that happens on the said date which according to http://www. rappler. com/business/47580-yolanda-reconstruction-ph-growth-2014 leaves more than 6,000 people dead and almost 900,000 homeless. The government is confident it can achieve its economic growth target for 2014 due in part to ongoing reconstruction efforts in areas devastated by Typhoon Yolanda (Haiyan) as said by the rappler. â€Å"National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA) Assistant Director-General Rosemarie Edillon told reporters a robust construction sector will help the government reach its 6. 5% to 7. 5% gross domestic product (GDP) growth target this year. The government earmarked P360. 9 billion ($8. 17 billion) for the rehabilitation of the affected areas over a 4-year period. Of the total amount, 50. 79% or P183. 3 billion will be used to build shelter and resettlement. † Edillon stated that the construction of some one million homes for Yolanda victims will propel demand for housing-related goods and services. Gross domestic product (GDP) will increase due to more demand of housing goods and also because of higher demand, higher tax will go to the hands of the government. And with this taxes the government will sign again more projects and they will buy again many materials needed and the materials will got high demand and cycle goes on and on. This is like what Sir Cruz said to us, that if spent our money more, there is more jobs employment that will happen and more Filipinos will be employed. This is an important cycle that is going on in every country. OIL PRICE CUT Oil is very important to every country in the world. This is one of the reasons why countries had to declare war. Gasoline is made from oil, particularly crude oil. Oil is primarily used for vehicles; cars, jeeps, buses and other private and vehicles. Last January 13, 2014, according to The Philippine Star, oil companies announced another round of oil price adjustment, marking the second consecutive week of price cuts. Effective today the price per liter of gasoline is cheaper by 85 centavos, kerosene by P1. 10 and diesel by 90 centavos. â€Å"The following rollbacks will be implemented effective 12:01 a. m. of Jan. 13: Gasoline by P0. 85 per liter, kerosene by P1. 10 per liter and diesel by P0. 90 per liter. This reflects movements in the international oil market,† Petron and Seaoil Philippines said in separate statements. The energy department said oil production in Libya has plunged to about 250,000 barrels a day from nearly 1. 5 million, amid demand from armed protesters for a more regional autonomy and greater How to cite Climate Change Affects Economy, Papers

Human Communication In Society

Question: Discuss about the Human Communication In Society? Answer: Johari Window The Johari Window have helped me in enlarging the Open Area through the protocol of involving self-disclosure. This highlighted in opening up and thereby disclosing my thoughts, dreams, goals, feelings. Moreover, it helped in developing my trust within the teammate, which is considered as an important attribute in career development. Enlarging the Open Area targeted in acceptance of feedback from other members of the team in a positive manner. I was made very clear that the feedback from my team members would definitely help in learning things about one another. I believed it to be an important prospectus triggering for my personal growth. If some is found to be interested in learning from another individual, then the person can reciprocate it by disclosing the information in his or her hidden quadrant. As soon as my level of confidence along with self-esteem hikes, it becomes much easier to invite others in order to comment efficiently in the blind spots (Sharf 2014). Obviously, it should be noted clearly that active and empathic listening skills are important tools associated to this context. Personality Achievement Exercise Development of various parameters, such as Intellectual Ability, Learning Style and Motivating Capabilities are all analyzed under Personality Achievement Exercise. It can be assumed that intellectual ability along with the achievement motivation is found to be associated positively with the success of an individual. The big five personality factors, i.e. Agreeableness, Neuroticism, Extraversion, Conscientiousness and Openness to Experience need to be positively monitored in order to steer a successful impact of an individual. The factor of Need for Achievement (N-Ach) mainly refers towards the desire of an individual for significant accomplishment, control, mastering of skills and maintaining high standards. I was affected in developing the various instincts of an individual. This includes prolonged, intense and repeated efforts in order to accomplish a difficult task. Developing this psychological trait mainly helped me in enduring the concern and thereby meeting high standards of achievement (Frieden et al. 2014). This is mainly influenced by the internal drive of action (which is stated to be monitored by intrinsic motivation) and pressure (found to be exerted by the expectations of others, i.e. extrinsic motivation). A Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) motivated me in order to achieve success during intense competition and hence formulated my path to excel in other important aspects, which are directly, related to others life. Your Values Developing exercise is considered as an efficient tool in order to clarify the values, which are related to work satisfaction. It helped me in jotting down the answers related to the various issues and thereby monitoring the career related constraints of the individual. It focused in reaffirming the values, which are the main priorities of the work (Smith 2015). I considered knowing the impact of values as an important factor related to the working platform. I found it to be very critical to understand this parameter and thereby developed my career related satisfaction and motivation. While following theValues Driven Work Assessment Exercise, I assumed that career related values were clustered in four different domains. These are as follows: Intrinsic Values Work Environment Values Work Content Values Work Relationship Values Thirty-Second Commercial Formulating a thirty-second monologue mainly helped me in developing the internal infrastructure of at a significant scale. It helped me in triggering a confident and poised venture to the other side of the table (Turner and Ceremony 2016). The commercial targets in answering to questions, such as Tell me about you. What is your greatest strength? What is your greatest weakness? What can you bring to this position in a much distinct and representative manner. A unique commercial made my audience aware (for a brief amount of time) towards a specific impressive and unique attribute that can be brought to the environment. The commercial highlighted my background and thereby reflected my key abilities. Moreover, it also helped me in limiting the greatest weakness to some extent, which later became a positive factor for me. I have noted the following guidelines while encountering a thirty second commercial. These were as follows: Using a concise and cleared language which isnt detailed at every segment Selling the professional experience along with the abilities Emphasizing the strength and the linkage which are required for an employer Using descriptive statements along with specific example which are mainly acquired out of abilities and skills Stating the kind of position that is been required in the organization Speaking very clearly and with full confidence Linking the factors of excellence, i.e. knowledge, experience and skills in order to the position or/and employer Skills Assessment Exercise Skills Assessment Exercise can be efficiently monitored by wide variety of tools, which provides the concept of valued team effort and effective contribution towards the organization (DellArciprete et al. 2014). Some of the attributes, which was enlisted for evaluating my skills, are stated below: Table 1: Skill Assessment Exercise Statements to be Answered Response Not at All Rarely Sometimes Often Very Often I Routinely maintained realistic goals and tracked the progress until achieving the target While making the decision, I always pick the good solution Approaching my life with confidence and maintaining high self esteem manner While managing the workload I understood my priorities Team development is considered as the area which I admitted to cut back when time and resources were found to be limited I lost time during the day because of not getting assurance regarding the target While implementing motivation plan, I implemented the same approach with all other members The work, which I needed to be fulfilled on a daily basis, should reflect the values of the individual. Moreover, it should be consistent to my goals. I am able to communicate the needs and thereby making sure that the message is well understood and heard While I am encountering a problem, I wish to look immediately in order to begin the potential solutions While encountering a conflict, I would use the communication skills and thereby find solutions and work things through Focusing on the awareness regarding the difference between management and leadership Discussing with the issue with someone trying to setback and possessing the difficulty of focusing on the situation objectively and positively Being motivates in order to complete all the aspect related to the work (Source: Author) CVs Job Advert De-coding Before I looked at the job adverts, I encountered that it is quite vital to be aware regarding the skills of knowledge and experience so that I can match to the best role. Had I ticked to 80% of the boxes, in terms of what the employer asks from me, then it might be considered a worth of applying. Nevertheless, sometimes I encountered that reading between the lines as some of the adverts might be very vague at the first impression. Previously I possessed the attitude of sending as many applications as possible. Nevertheless, it is encountered that these strategies and the techniques can be used for a smarter work, rather than working hard for the same. I preferred in taking a print of the job advert and follow with highlighters, thereby picking out the key words and the phrases. This helped me in finalizing the keywords appearing in the Curriculum Vitae (CV) and in the cover letter wherever applicable. Reflective Essay Continuing education is perceived as a protocol that helps in improvising the lives of individual and thereby clarifies the thoughts and personal refection on what they are doing. I have assumed that the knowledge from various parameters are identified in three distinct types, i.e. the knowledge of the employer, background knowledge of the employee and the knowledge built by the members of both groups while interacting with one another. Knowledge based on experiences plays a crucial role in developing the professional acquaintance and thereby helps in developing a proficient platform. I was entitled to wide range of theoretical concepts, which was based on self-efficacy, locus of control and happenstances. I personally believe on the concept of Psychologist Albert Bandura, who states the fact the self-efficacy is one of the effective tools, which helps in defining ones ability in order to gain success over a specific situation. This would definitely help me in accomplishing every tasks related to career consultation. I assume the fact that self-efficacy plays a major role in analyzing the fact of how approaches need to be monitored in order to regulate a certain goal, task and challenge. Second parameter, which I focus on, is the locos of control, which generally refers to the extent to which I tend to control every affecting situation. I follow the principle of Julian B. Rotter in analyzing the locus of control and focuses heavily on developing my personal attitude. Happenstances play a crucial role in my life. I often encounter various coincidental events, which are directly related to my career planning. Some of the events go in favor of me, while the others do not. I always prefer to take an extra note to the situation and thereby monitor in order to minimize the negative consequences of Happenstances in my life. I personally state that there are five important elements which need to be considered in order to plan my career growth. The first step includes the initial stage. At this step, I would plan to spend several years at a large company and thereby learn skills and build effective networks. The second stage included Expanding phase. This is the beginning of the moonlightening phase, which would help in developing borader skills and develop my contacts systematically. I would target in developing an effective reputation during this phase. The third phase would be to start a fresh company and collaborate with other small companies. The fourth phase would be the Mid-Career phase, which would highlight in refreshing my skills and analyzing my basic infrastructure related to my career planning. Finally at the fifth stage; Developing Career Stage, I would target in appealing the projects with temporary employees and contractors, and thereby promote for expansion of the infrastructure to a succ essive level. I insist in following the Gibbs Reflection Model for Career planning, which is as follows Figure 1: Gibbs' Reflection on Career Planning The factors of action, description, feelings, evaluation and conclusion need to be analyzed at a systematic manner. All these factors would play an effective role in processing my career planning. This can be synchronized only when I am subjected to an efficient communication pattern. Based on the above discussion, effective communication can be considered as the most significant and important personal quality that has been revealed in the given portfolio. The reflective essay will thus specifically help in evaluating the importance of the effective communication that will help in demonstrating how the effective communication can be found effective in dealing across a range of activities and experiences. The reflective essay will therefore be very crucial in highlighting the role of effective communication in dealing with the problems that arises in terms of different saturation and how it helps in shaping the characteristic of a particular individual (Busse, Aboneh and Tefera 2014). Effective communication will help me in exchanging information that will provide better understanding the emotion and the intentions while communicating with a particular individual. Effective communication its a two way process it will not only help me in conveying the message but wi ll also help in understanding what someone is intend to convey. This will also help me in gaining an understanding of then full meaning so that the other person emotion can be better heard an d understood. Effective communication will also help me in combining a set of skills including non verbal communication that promotes engaged listening, managing stress in a particular moment that is very much essential for me in better managing the stress in a particular moment and will also provide a better platform for assertive communication. This will also help me to recognize and understand the emotions of the people with whom I am communicating with. Not only understanding the emotion of the people, effective communication acts as a glue that will also assist me in deepening my connection with other and will thereby improve my ability to work as a team, to initiate better decision making abilities and initiate important problem solving methods. In a workforce environment where communicat ion plays one of the significant role in understanding then the viewpoint of the others by providing proper respect, effective communication will also teach me even how the negative or the difficult messages can be communicated without creating any kind of conflict among one another. Effective communication is thus a learned skill, which is not only effective but is also spontaneous rather than formulaic. Taking as an example, employees always seek candidates who can better listen and act on those specific instructions that provide minimal guidance (Austin and Pinkleton 2015). They always want employees who can speak better, write and listen effectively and organize their thoughts logically and can be explained effectively. Thus, effective communication will provide a platform for reshaping the personal traits and characteristics for betterment that will help me in reshaping my personality. The problem solving and creativity method that is the prime advantage associated with the eff ective communication will also aid me making transactions, processing data, formulating vision and reaching resolution that will provide me the assurance by which I can better conquer the job challenges by thinking critically and creatively. The quality of effective communication will also provide me the platform to build interpersonal abilities that emphasizes on building relationship and relationship management that provides a high priority to the employees. This skill will help me in better understanding the emotion of the candidate such that I can relate well to others as that include both the co workers and the customers. The quality of effective communication will thus instill in me the faith that will provide the ability to understand and work well with the other team members that will help in pursuing the common goal, which will help me in the end for better understanding the viewpoint of the employees. It will also provide me with the ability to work with minimum supervisio n. Apart from the basic characteristics provided, effective communication also provide the platform for better planning and organization and understanding the leadership and the management in a better and simplified way. Understanding effective communication is a strength regarding the fact that that helps in dealing with various kinds of problems and thus plays a significant role in understanding the viewpoint of the overall workforce environment by enhancing the ability of me in better understanding of the present scenario (Blustein 2013). It will also help me to focus upon the fact of listening that will specifically include understanding of the words or the information is being properly communicated that will help in enhancing the understanding the emotion of the speaker and what he is trying to achieve through the process of consistent body language. Diversity sensitivity in todays world will help in building and understanding the cultural sensitivity and the ability that will help in building a rapport for maintaining a better multicultural environment, which is highly valued by the employers. This will also specifically focus in evaluating the planning and organization of the workforce in building my career in a way that will effectively provide me with the platform that will allow me in organizing information. Effective communication will also instill in me the quality of leadership as because effective communication will primarily help me in better understanding and communicating the leadership styles to the employees of the organization by taking input consideration that the goals and objectives of a particular company. Effective communication through the method of understanding and conveying the leadership style will consist of building a strong sense of confidence and comprehensive knowledge regarding the basic aims of the company. The qualities will also help in motivating and inspiring by providing a solid foundation of framework. I will also be able to provide assurance in a way that will help in building faith among me in a way that will not only help in better reshaping of my personality but also will help my fellow employees to build up trust and confidence in me. Effective communication skill will also help me in understanding the adaptability and flexibility that will help in giving a higher response rate that will be confined to the openness to new ideas and concepts. Employers seeking for productive workers with positive work ethics who remains associated with taking up challenges will also get highly influenced by the method of effective communication that will also help me in better understanding of the work ethics and environment and will also help me in dealing with problems with different kinds ethical problems (Arnold and Boggs 2015). The effective communication skill also helps in st aying calm under extreme work pressure that will help me in managing the emotions for executing the effectiveness of the communication skill under pressure. It will also help me in stalling tactics that will give me time to think and make the proper clarification of the statement before responding. Asserting I will also help in expressing more clear communication that will help in boosting the self-esteem and decision making. Being assertive will also help me in expressing the thoughts, feelings and needs in an open and honest way that will also help me in standing up for myself and respecting others. The assertiveness will therefore help in valuing my opinions and the associated with opinions of the others. Expressing negative thoughts and receiving feedback positively will also help me in understanding and receiving the feedback that will help also encourage me in showing and escalating the assertion. An effective communication skill would help in developing the personality to a huge scale. In future, I might be encountering various challenges, which might be directly or indirectly associated to career development. This might also occur that I based on my personal experience or skills might not easily address the challenge. Nevertheless, the only factor, which can help me in such a situation, is the effective communication skills. An effective communication skill would be only developed when it is equally supported by confidence and knowledge. If I excel my confidence and communicate with other members associated to the context, then there might be a solution to the issue. Often it is observed that most of the people fails to communicate with one another and rather considers depending completely on their own personal skills. This often results in building up of the constraints for the person. Communicating with the issue with other people would help in analyzing their skills and k nowledge regarding the issues. Moreover, it can also be encountered that the communicated person might have faced the similar challenge in the past, and thus a life experience would help in overcoming the situation significantly. Thus, this is one of the most important parameter of communication skill, which is found to be related in minimizing the constraint to several folds. The second important benefit which can be analyzed for Effective Communication is building up of inter personality and thereby implementing personality largely. It can be clearly assumed that the factor of personality development plays a very crucial role in the sector of career development. One of the most difficult parts associated to the workshop exercise and the employability experiences is the lack of communication platform. Often I observed that it was very difficult to communicate with every sort of people associated to an organization. Due to the difference in the cultural or linguistic factor, I tend to discover several issues in communicating with the persons directly. Often this results in the development of a huge communication gap and various other constraints resulting from this factor. It is always not possible to communicate with a person on his/her style, which results in the basic difficulty related to the issue. In fact, all the perspectives of confidence, skills, knowledge, intellectuality and personality becomes limited when a suitable communication platform between the speaker and the receiver is not established due to the cultural or linguistic difference. Thus both the speaker and the receiver need to spend an extra effort in order to understand e ach other through other protocol, such as sign languages, etc. so that it has a limited effect on career development. There are instances where I fail to communicate efficiently and effectively due to several prominent reasons. Often I have observed that during intense pressure I fail to communicate efficiently with the other member. Situations such as communicating with a highly delegate personality often results in the development of various palpitations (Alberts, Nakayama and Martin 2015). While undergoing through these factors of palpitations, there is often a development of nervousness and other negative body languages. Because of the fact, I tend to lose control on my communication skills and thereby resulting in the limitation of my most effective strength, i.e. Effective Communication Skills. Thus, I personally feel that effective communication skill has a very wide role to play in designing the career development planning for a persons life. It is the first and the last impression for a candidate, which need to be oriented in a diligent manner. References Alberts, J.K., Nakayama, T.K. and Martin, J.N., 2015.Human communication in society. Pearson. Arnold, E.C. and Boggs, K.U., 2015.Interpersonal relationships: Professional communication skills for nurses. Elsevier Health Sciences. Austin, E.W. and Pinkleton, B.E., 2015.Strategic Public Relations Management: Planning and Managing Effective Communication Campaigns(Vol. 10). Routledge. Blustein, D., 2013.The psychology of working: A new perspective for career development, counseling, and public policy. Routledge. Busse, H., Aboneh, E.A. and Tefera, G., 2014. Learning from developing countries in strengthening health systems: an evaluation of personal and professional impact among global health volunteers at Addis Ababa Universitys Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital (Ethiopia).Globalization and health,10(1), p.1. DellArciprete, A., Braunstein, J., Touris, C., Dinardi, G., Llovet, I. and Sosa-Estani, S., 2014. Cultural barriers to effective communication between Indigenous communities and health care providers in Northern Argentina: an anthropological contribution to Chagas disease prevention and control.Int J Equity Health,13(6). Frieden, T.R., 2014. Six components necessary for effective public health program implementation.American journal of public health,104(1), pp.17-22. Sharf, R.S., 2014.Applying career development theory to counseling. Brooks/Cole. Smith, T.E., Polloway, E.A., Patton, J.R., Dowdy, C.A. and Doughty, T.T., 2015.Teaching students with special needs in inclusive settings. Pearson. Turner, M. and Ceremony, C., 2016, April. FOR EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION. InWorkshop Registration(Vol. 6, p. 00pm).

Fred Rogers - Testimony Before the U.S. Senate on Funding for PBS free essay sample

Descriptive on Turkey Essay Example

Descriptive on Turkey Essay Example Descriptive on Turkey Essay Descriptive on Turkey Essay Turkey is a transcontinental state. located largely in Western Asia and Eastern Europe. Turkey is bordered by 8 states. The Mediterranean Sea is to the South ; the Aegean Sea is to the West ; and the Black Sea is to the North. The country’s official linguistic communication is Turkish. which is spoken by about 85 % of the population as female parent lingua. The most legion cultural group is the Turks. who constitute between 70 % and 75 % of the population. Kurds are the largest cultural minority and. harmonizing to the same beginning. figure around 18 % of the population. Doner kabob is a Turkish dish made of meat cooked on a perpendicular tongue. usually lamb and poulet. Turkish Kofta ( meatballs ) normally made from lamb. Maklube is a colourful. tasty. and savoury dish. Turkish baklava is the most celebrated sweet sweet pastry in Meleagris gallopavo. Turkish tea and Turkish java are the most preferable drinks in Meleagris gallopavo. Pamukkale is one of Turkey’s top attractive forces and a cherished in the universe with its cotton palaces. From hot springs the H2O is so deposited in to the travertine patios. Mount nemrut is considered as the 8th admiration of the universe. On this mountain there are 30 feat high statues of Greek and Persian Gods. These statues were one time seated. with names of each God inscribed on them. The caputs of the statues have at some phase been removed from their organic structures. and they are now scattered throughout the site. Fethiye is one of Turkey’s well-known tourer Centres and is particularly popular during the summer. Fethiye-Oludeniz was chosen as the best touristry Centre in the universe by The Times and The Guardian newspapers in 2007. Over 7. 000 British citizens for good live in Fethiye. while about 600. 000 British tourers visit the town every summer. Here you can besides make sky diving Istanbul is Turkey’s most thickly settled metropolis. and its cultural and fiscal centre. Istanbul bridges Asia and Europe both physically and culturally. Population 12-19 million. doing the metropolis the world’s fifth-most-popular tourer finish. Antalya It is Turkey’s biggest international sea resort. It is the Centre of a part with beautiful beaches. verdant mountains. and a mindblowing figure of ancient ruins. Mustafa Ataturk ( male parent of Turks ) was Turkish army officer. radical solon. author. and the first President of Turkey. He is credited with being the laminitis of the Republic of Turkey. Erdogan has been widely considered to be the most influential Turkish leader of the Republican epoch after Mustafa Kemal Ataturk. Azra kindred became the miss universe in 2002. Orhan pamuk is a Turkish novelist. film writer. academic and receiver of the 2006 Nobel Prize in Literature. his work has sold over 11 million books in 60 linguistic communications. [ 2 ] doing him the country’s best-selling author. Mehmet oz is an American-Turkish sawbones. writer. and telecasting personality. Republic Day is anniversary of the declaration of the Turkish Republic. Turkey’s public vacation taging the announcement of the democracy in 1923. Oil wrestle is the oldest continuously running. sanctioned featuring competition in the universe. . Turkey’s national twenty-four hours besides known 23 April National Sovereignty and Children’s Day is a alone event. The laminitis of the Turkish Republic. Ataturk. dedicated April 23 to the kids of the state to stress that they are the hereafter of the new state. Military parades and ceremonials at memorials to Mustafa Kemal Ataturk. who founded the Turkish Republic. are some common ways to observe Victory Day in Turkey. Turkish flags frequently adorn stores. public offices and people’s houses on this twenty-four hours. The Antalya Golden Orange Film Festival is the most of import national movie festivalin Turkey. held yearly since 1963. The festival starts with a parade in the metropolis of Antalya in the eventide of the first twenty-four hours. The award ceremonial takes topographic point in the shutting dark at the historical Aspendos theater.

The Physics Behind Aircraft Wing Design Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Physics Behind Aircraft Wing Design - Essay Example Birds alter the form of their wings to revolve and maneuver. They supposed that they could utilize this methodology to get spinning control by bending or alteration of shape, of a part of the wing. So, the brothers designed numerous gliders (Reals, 2012). These gliders were soared as unmanned, as well as piloted. They referred to the discoveries of Cayley and Langley, and the suspended gliding flights of Lilienthal. They matched with Chanute with regard to some of their ideologies. They distinguished that management of the flying airplanes would be the most vital and intricate quandaries to resolve. Following these triumphant glider examinations, the Wrights designed and scrutinized their test location due to its windy weather, sand, hilly topography and remote position. The Wrights victoriously analyzed their novel fifty pound duo plane glider in 1900. It had a seventeen feet wing width and wing arching machinery. The construction of gliders was an upshot of a gradual technique of d iscerning aerodynamics and then managing the flights, building and scrutinizing numerous glider designs. These gliders operated but not to the anticipations of the Wrights based on the researches and dissertations of their forerunners. Their foremost glider initiated in 1900 only has approximately half the expected lift. Moreover, their subsequent glider performed worse. However, they continued their endeavor and built a wind tunnel, as well as numerous, complex apparatus to calculate lift and drag on the two hundred wing plan they examined. As a consequence, they resolved their previous quandaries in computations concerning drag as well as lift. Their examination and computations generated another glider with an enormous aspect proportions and accurate three axes management. They flew it victoriously in numerous instances thorough the structure of designing, wind channel scrutinized of airfoils and flight examination of whole size models. They resolved the quandaries of power and m anagement of an airplane. These resolutions were through invention of wing arching for spin management; together with concurrent yaw management with a steerable back controls (Crouch, 2008). History and Improvements of Aircrafts Wing Designs and the Physics of its Operation A fluid passing through the facade of a body applies surface energy on that surface. Lift is the constituent of this force that is vertical to the approaching flow course. It differs from drag force, which is the constituent of the facade force corresponding to the flow course. If the substance is air, the energy is the aerodynamic energy. There is an enormous interconnection if lift and the wing of a fixed wing airplane, though lift also emanates from propeller. When an airplane is soaring straightforwardly and level, most of the lift contests gravity. Nonetheless, when an airplane is ascending or descending in a twirl, the lift tilts with regard to the vertical. Lift might also be totally downwards in some aero batic movements, or the wing on racing vehicle. Streamline form of enables aircrafts to produce considerable lift as contrasted to drag (Robert, 2012). The underpinning principles of lift in planes emanate from the concepts of physics. Firstly, there are Newton’s principles of movements, especially the second principle which interrelate the force on a component of air to its velocity of momentum alteration. Secondly, there is the preservation of mass, as

Mid-term question Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Mid-term question - Assignment Example The two main factors that many authors have identified to affect the United States national security have been the non-state actors and the transnational organizational crimes. Non-state actors refer to organizations that have power and influence on both national and international level. The non-state actors do not associate themselves with any particular state. According to Hough, in his book â€Å"Understanding the global security† he discusses the non-state actors and the trouble and turmoil they have caused to many states around the globe for many years.1 Hough identifies non-state actors as the major issue that has threatened the global security.2 The national security of the United States has been affected by the emerging non-state actors around the globe. Most of these non-state actors are military-oriented thus being referred to as non-state military groups. The most common non-state military groups include nationalists, religious groups with strong beliefs, Marxist, fascist and armed pressure groups. The United States has fallen victims of some of these groups such as nationalists, religious groups such as Christianity and Islam and armed p ressure groups. According to Hough, these non-state actors have impacted the national security of the United States negatively by killing the American people, destroying the Americans property.3 This has led to the destabilization of the United States government since it exposes the security loop holes and the incompetence of the leaders. The United States gained its independent through the battles fought by the nationalists, and they gained the independence. The spirit of nationalism has never died in the United States, and this poses a threat to the national security. The religious groups such as Islam and Christianity related have affected the security of the United States and caused a

Offer and acceptance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Offer and acceptance - Essay Example Similarly, in Partridge v Crittenden, 2 the High Court ruled that there was no violation of the law prohibiting the offering to sell wild birds except those bred in captivity and of the closed-ring specimen despite the advertisement to that effect because it was merely an offer to treat and not a legitimate offer of sale. There are of course, exceptions to this rule as those indicated in such cases as Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co, 3 where the inclusion of the  £1,000 deposit was taken to mean as proof of the serious intent of the advertiser, and Williams v Carwardine, 4 where the advertisement offering reward to any informant in a murder case was held as a general contract with anyone who could provide the information without taking into account the motive of the informant. Thus, there was no initial valid offer by Alf in his advertisement. Neither was there a valid offer/acceptance by Bert when he initially called Alf over the phone considering that he was unsure at that time. Moreover, the agreement between him and Alf for the latter not to sell the computer until Sunday is unenforceable because of the lack of consideration that is an essential element in a contract. In Dunlop Pneumatic Tyre Co Ltd v Selfridge & Co Ltd, 5 a tyre maker sued a retailer for selling its tyre below the agreed retail price as previously agreed it and its dealers. One of the reasons why the High Court ruled against the plaintiff was that the defendant was not a party to the agreement in issue and there was no consideration flowing from the promisee to the promissor. Also, in Routledge v Grant 6 the Court held that an offer can be revoked despite an agreement to keep the offer for a certain period if no consideration was paid for that agreement. In the case at bar, there was no option money given by Bert to Alf to seal the agreement and make it enforceable. Even if the promise to hold the sale is valid, the new offer, which was valid, made by Bert on Tuesday and its

Ceramic Materials In Cutting Tools

Ceramic Materials In Cutting Tools Traditional cutting tools are mostly made of steels and irons, however, ceramic cutting tools are developed quickly these years. Ceramic cutting tools have a lot of advantages over other cutting tools in certain areas. Ceramics possess a lot of required properties for cutting tools such as high strength and good thermal conductivity. The development of ceramic cutting tools has once been hindered by the high cost and difficulty in manufacturing ceramics. Thanks to the improvement of materials engineering and the advent of composites, both the cost and the difficulty of manufacture have been resolved. The market share of ceramic tools has increased in recent years, which indicates that the ceramic cutting tools are well along in development. With a comparison and evaluation of many processing routes, die pressing and sintering are chosen as the most convenient and appropriate way for the manufacture of ceramic cutting tools. There are a lot of potential ceramic materials can be used in cutting tools and most of them are alumina or silica based. Composites have also attracted much attention with a relatively low cost and high performance. Cutting tools Cutting tools are designed to separate materials. They can be divided into different categories, each of which has its own characteristics and requirements for the materials used. The mostly used materials for cutting tools are steel and iron. However, with the development of materials science and engineering, ceramic cutting tools are playing a more and more important role. Ceramics are usually very hard, heat resistant and have little reactivity with steels, which are properties vital for cutting tools. Hence they can be used at high cutting speed without deformation and dissolution.[1] However, ceramics have their own drawbacks that they lack toughness and are sensitive to mechanical or thermal shock, which has limited the use of ceramic materials in cutting area. Humans have used ceramic cutting tools for more than 100 years. [2] The cutting objects vary from very soft substances (butter) to extreme hard things (steels). In the early days, the major composition of these ceramic tools was alumina. However, the toughness of alumina material then was low and softened by glassy phases, which were the reasons why their applications were limited. [1] With the effort of scientists, materials science and technology has dramatically developed so that the properties of ceramics have been greatly improved. They become harder by improving the purity, less brittle with some additives and tougher with reinforcements. [1] The first ceramic material used in cutting tools was Alumina. [1] A variety of other ceramics have also been produced to be specifically used in cutting tools manufacture. There are three categories available, namely pure oxide ceramics, mixed oxide plus carbide or nitride and silicon nitride based material. [2] Whisker reinforced ceramic materials, with high toughness and hardness at high temperature, has pushed forwarded the development of ceramic cutting tools. Figure 2.1 Cermet indexable milling tools [1] There are a lot of aspects that should be considered when the materials are chosen. The following three aspects were taken into consideration in the design of the tool material. [2] Firstly, the surface layer should possess the highest heat conductivity that is favourable for dissipation of cutting heat. Secondly, the thermal expansion coefficient of the surface layer should be the lowest of all the layers of the materials so as to form residual compressive stresses in the surface layers in the fabricating processing, which may partially counteract the stresses resulting from external loading. Finally, the value of maximum Von Mises stress should be the lowest in order to guarantee the structural integrity of the compact. [2] The properties of the ceramic are not the only factor involved in the material choice, the economic factor has also played an important role in the consideration of the material. [1] One of the main focuses in ceramic industry is how to cut the prime cost and the future developments most important direction must be cost reduction. New kind of raw materials and methods are needed to attain this goal. In the future, with the development of material science and technology, more methods will be used in improving ceramics. The perfection of coating technology and the progresses in composites will promote the usage of ceramics in cutting industry. CMCs (ceramic matrix composites) are considered to be one of the most popular materials used for cutting tools in the future. Current market situation There are three main cutting tools markets. Solid tools and indexable inserts; milling, turning and drilling tools are investigated to show the trend of current market of cutting tools. Grades include carbide, ceramic, cermet, CBN/PCBN, diamond and steel. Products are analyzed by country and end-use markets.[3] The consumer markets are specifically broken down by each of the following geographic regions: [3] à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ China à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ United States à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Germany à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Japan à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Korea à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Italy à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ France à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Taiwan à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ United Kingdom à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Brazil à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Other EU à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Other NAFTA à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Other Europe à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Other Asia/Pacific à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Other Latin America à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Rest of World The geographic regions from top to bottom represent the biggest markets for cutting tools. The United States Cutting Tool Institute which was formed when the Metal Cutting Industry and Cutting Tool Manufactures Association merged is now said to represent 80% of the domestic cutting tool market.[4] Great strides continue to be made in the cutting tool market that result in reduced bench time and additional handwork, as well as heavier depths of cutting which leads to increased productivity and higher accuracy. Over the past ten years the cutting tools market has increased dramatically. The tools have taken on very specific roles depending on the application. Now there are specific carbide grades, coatings and geometries to match the customers needs. The market is predicted to expand and grown and achieve new heights. [4] The majority of end users in industry of cutting tools are listed below: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Aerospace à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Automotive à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Chemical Processing à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Communications à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Construction à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Defense/Military à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Electronic à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ General Machining à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Medical/Research à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Oil Gas à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Paper Pulp Industry à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Power Generation Global market for cutting has been captured by the metal cutting tools for a long time. However, some special properties make the advanced ceramics tend to be more inexpensive, longer life, larger range of application, which become a competitive advantage for manufacturers.[4] Therefore ceramic cutting tools are expected to recapture the cutting market. The competition among manufacturers is expected to remain intense, which forces the manufactuers to work harder to get a smaller market share. The three largest competitors focus on carbide-tipped tools and carbide inserts worldwide. Current materials used There are four main ceramic compositions used in the cutting tool industry have been outlined below, the most important aspects of each material have been highlighted. [5] Sialons A sialon is a class of ceramic based on silicon nitride. The ceramic is composed of four different ceramic powders; silica (SiO2), alumina (Al2O3) and silicon nitride (Si3N4). The fourth component is either yittria (Y2O3) or magnesium oxide (MgO). The yittria is used to aid in the sintering process to increase efficiency of the process. [5] Sialons have very low coefficient of thermal expansion meaning that they are good in situations of thermal shock. Sialons are retain their hardness at temperatures of 800ÃÅ'Ã…   C to 1000ÃÅ'Ã…   C which enables them to be very effective when machining heat resisting alloys. They are also effective when machining hardened die steels and cast irons at high speed. [6] Aluminium oxide-based ceramics These ceramics are composed as their name suggests but are commonly found with small additions of zirconia (2-5%).the additional zirconia is added to increase fracture toughness. Al2O3 based ceramics show an increase in mechanical properties above 800ÃÅ'Ã…  C. Below this temperature the hard metals posses a greater strength than the ceramics. The hardness of the ceramic can be increased further by 30-40% with the additions of titanium carbide or titanium nitride. These harder ceramics are generally used for finishing and harder metals. Another common addition to the (Al2O3 + ZrO2) base are silicon carbide (SiC) whiskers at around 25%. The whiskers act as reinforcements to the structure and increase the toughness. This enables the ceramic to be used for cutting nickel based super alloys at high speed. [5] Silicon Nitride The ceramic has a density of around 3.2g/cm3 and the grain size is approximately 2-3 micrometres. Silicon nitride boasts good wear resistance and cutting edge strength as well as high resistance to thermal shock. Si3N4 is generally used in the field of providing a roughing grade for turning and milling cast iron. The bad solution wear properties of silicon nitride restrict the ceramic from being used as a cutting tool for machining steels. The high resistance to thermal shock means the ceramic can be used with and without the use of coolants. Money can be saved on cooling equipment in such a controlled manner. [5] Cubic Boron Nitride Cubic boron nitride is a synthetic compound, in its natural state it has a soft hexagonal crystal structure. Ton achieve a cubic structure it is heated to 1400ÃÅ'Ã…  C in 60kbar of pressure. This has a great effect on the hardness of structure, (Around 4000VDH) this is similar to diamonds hardness. [6] Carbon boron nitride is a polycrystalline and is used in applications where hard metals become limited by the cutting speeds employed. Examples are; high speed steels, tool steels, case hardened steels, chilled cast iron and satellite. Carbon boron nitrides hardness is second only to diamonds, for this reason carbon boron nitride offers great wear resistance and the ceramic will not need to be replaced on cutting tools as much as others. Harder metals are also possible to machine with more efficiency, however carbon boron nitride offers no advantage when machining softer materials. [5] Composites The properties of ceramics are dramatically improved by using some sizes, such as TiC, Co and WC, as dispersed phase, named composite ceramics. The type composite ceramics is the Si3N4 composite ceramics, which hardness, bending strength and toughness is higher than the simple Si3N4-based ceramics. It also has a better thermal impact resistance. Because of its special properties, it is widely used in machining cold hardened cast iron roller, and it can finish the work of coarse and precise machining of roughcast, for overcoming the low machining hardening of steel parts used in the mining facilities. Its disadvantage is poor abrasion machining. [6] Coating material Coating technology plays a very important role during the cutting tool manufacture. It is used to produce the perfect cutting tools which have both hard surface as well as high toughness. With the development in the last 10 years, this technology has made materials with high-speed cutting, hard cutting and dry machining possible. Cutter coating can be divided into four kinds. They are chemical vapor deposition (CVD), Low-temperature chemical vapor deposition (PCVD), Middle temperature chemical vapor deposition and PVD. However, cutting tools are expected to be coated differently to meet the demands for comprehensive mechanical properties. Therefore more attention should be paid to make coating thinner and coating temperature lower. [6] The future materials The future of ceramic cutting tools is dependent on the development of super hard coatings for the cutting tools. A new coating for a ceramic cutting tool is a titanium aluminum nitride coating. The coating helps to control the temperature of the cutting tool when it is used at high speeds. This allows for quicker cutting and therefore a more efficient process. [6] The coating also adds to the lifespan of the tool, in some cases it can make the tool last several times longer. It is important to note that the addition of the coating also adds 10% to the cost of the tool although this is immediately recovered by lasting much longer. [7] Possible processing route Most of the ceramics are processed by shaping and sintering. The shaped ceramics are called green body. The shaping process of ceramics is crucial as it can influence the properties of the sintered products such as porosity. Nowadays, the main methods of forming ceramic green bodies include die pressing, slip casting, pressure casting, and injection molding. Shaping All the methods above start with a suspension where the ceramic particles are mixed with a liquid or a polymer melt, proper dispersant, and possibly further additives such as binders, plasticizers, and antifoaming agents so that a well-dispered, nonagglomerated ceramic slurry can be made. Die pressing can be divided to many different pressing route such as dry pressing, cold isostatic pressing and hot isostatic pressing. Green bodies are manufactured by pouring powders into the die and these granules are formed under certain pressure. [8]The method of dry pressing is almost as the same as the cold isostatic pressing. The two methods are widely used in the industrial production of ceramic materials, accounting for their productivity ,and the development of cold isostatic pressing makes green bodies of higher density possible. Slip casting and pressure casting are included in the drain casting techniques, which invovle a solid-liquid separation process to form a dense green body. [8] The driven force of flow liquid in the two castings is an external pressure gradient. [8] Slip casting is a low-pressure filtration of which the driving force provided for the green bodies forming is the capillary suction.[9] slip casting is slow compared with die pressing but complex figure can be obtain. Pressure casting is usually used to fabricate the traditional clay-based ceramic materials, such as pottery and sanitary porcelain. [9] Pressure filtration is an improved method of slip casting, the casting rate is raised and the green bodies have a higher density. [9] Both die pressing and casting are plagued by some genetic problems. The liquid flow of the suspension is required and the stress gradient may also lead to nonuniform densities of the green body which lead to the pockety mass.[9] Injection molding is an excellent method to form smaller objects. The mixture of powders and binder are intruded to the mould and form green bodies. [9] However, the removal of the binder which can be burned at relative low temperature has been a problem. Crack and imperfections will be introduced during this procedure. [8] There is also a technique called solid freeform fabrication(SFF) by which we can form a ceramic green body without using a mould. All the process is controlled by computer using 3D CAD designed before the process.[10] This method have been used to form complex figures, however, the surface finish is poor. [9] This method has not been widely used for its immature technology. Sintering After shaping, the density of a green body is usually about 50% of its theoretic density. Full densification can be achieved by sintering at temperature up to 1800 °C.[11] During this process, individual powder particles can get enough energy to bond together realize the transformation from the porosity present to the compaction stages. Composites processing Composites are consisted of two parts: the matrix phase and the reinforcing phase. Generally, the combination of the two parts is achieved through a melding event. After the melding event, the part shape is set. According to the melding event, the methods of composites preparation can be classified into four main methods ¼Ã… ¡vacuum bag moulding, pressure bag moulding, autoclave moulding and resin transfer moulding (RTM).[12] Besides, there are some other types of moulding that include press moulding, pultrusion moulding, filament winding and so on. [12] Composites can also be devided into metal matrix composites(MMC) and ceramic matrix composites(CMC) based on the matrix materials. According to the temperatrue of metallic matrix during processing, the processes of MMC can be classified into five categories: [14] 1).liquid-phase processes, 2).solid-liquid processes, 3).two-phase (solid-liquid) processes, 4.) deposition techniques 5) In situ processes. The selection of materials and processing route Then dry processing has much influence on the green microstructure and production rate. We must treat this opreation to avoid the problem of cracking and warping. The desired result in ceramic part production is fast drying, but fast drying causes cracking. It has been studied that decreased drying rates results in the increasing green densities. The size of power also affects ceramics sintering properties. These days, nonasized powder attracts much attention, because of its special properties (mechanical, optical, magnetic and electrical). The compacts of nanosized powder can be sintered at significantly reduced temperatures, thereby lowing the firing cost.[10] And it is possible to get high density ceramic body in the formation of nanosized particles.[11] From the ceramics already discussed the best ceramic to use for this product would be the Aluminium oxide-based ceramic. It is already widely used in the industry so there is no need for testing to make sure it works. When cutting the cutting tools increase in heat rapidly, sometimes this has an effect however with Al2O3 their mechanical properties get better the hotter they get. The ceramics hardness will also be increased further with addition of silicon carbide whiskers. These whiskers add reinforcement to the structure and increase it toughness. Therefore the cutting tool can be used at higher speeds. Not only will our ceramic have added strength from the whiskers but with have a tough outer shell from a coating of TiAlN. This coating has a high bond strength, high hardness, abrasion resistance and high cutting speed.[8] From all of the possible processing routes in the industry, it has been decided that Dry Pressing would be the route which is most beneficial to the company. Dry Pressings most appealing feature is the productivity factor. Its fast productivity means that the product quantities are increased therefore meaning that costs will be reduced. Ben Franklin one said Time is money, he was right. Reducing production times reduces the amount of time staff needs to work, it reduces the amount of time that machines have to be on, and therefore it reduces the costs of production. Dry Pressing is conducted with granulated or spray-died powder containing 0 to 4% moisture which is where Dry Pressing gets its name from.[1] There are some disadvantages of using this process but the many disadvantages overrule this fact. One of these disadvantages is that high pressures are used in the process, but then again these high pressures are not as high as the ones used in pressure casting. Dry pressing can only gain good results if all the steps prior of the forming or pressing is kept under careful control. The product once leaved the die cavity is in a plastic condition and if not handled carefully, may deform. With dry pressing there is no limit to the compositions which can be used because the plasticity of the body is not relied on to aid the forming. Under normal conditions and supervision it is possible to produce ceramics to very good tolerances. In special cases with very close controls tolerances can be kept which are considerably better than usual. Slip casting is in need of too much careful control to be able to mass produce at a beneficial production rate, especially with the long time it takes to cast articles on the mould. Pressure casting is pretty much the same as slip casting but with added pressure to speed up the casting time. This added pressure is not justified because it is too expensive and does not take enough time off the process. Injection Molding has a few defects, which can occur to the product. There can be an incomplete fill within the mould, knit lines, and microcracking, which will all, have a visual defect on the finished body. Concluding, the dry press process has the least amount of possible defects to occur in comparison to other process routes. It is the quickest route with great productivity and can offer very high tolerances. These are the main reason for our choice of dry pressing process route. 7. Reasoned argument for RAC The ceramic that has been selected to be taken forward is Al2O3 + (2%Zr) + (20%SiC whiskers), there is no issue in using this composition legally. However the methods of using the cutting tool must be reviewed as such patent 4,879,277 which claims . In a method of cutting metal wherein a cutting tool is brought into contact with a metal workpiece and the cutting tool and metal workpiece move relative to each other whereby metal is removed by the cutting tool from the metal workpiece, the improvement comprising using a sintered composite cutting tool having a matrix consisting essentially of alumina and 2-40 volume percent silicon carbide whiskers distributed therethrough. [14] A work around the patent would have to be implemented if the material is to be used in such a way. A variation in whisker content or physical machining could help to deviate from the patents claims. RAC could create a competitive edge for themselves by proceeding with this option as it will help them to differentiate themselves to most of their competitors. The material selected is a very cutting edge material with extremely high levels of performance. Many of the competitor businesses would not have adopted this material and may continue to use a lesser and cheaper material such as unreinforced aluminium oxide based ceramics. RAC will be able to offer a faster and more efficient cutting solution to their clients. The superior technology is likely to attract new customers to the business leading to a larger market share. The harder cut edge and faster cutting speed will lead to a greater cutting quality also, the tools will be able to be smaller in size and so more precise machining is possible. The business will be able to supply their service to a wider range of clients requiring different finishing qualities. From the market analysis carried out previously it is clear that the cutting tool industry is a blooming one. It is encouraging that the market has grown so dramatically over the last ten years and that there is an increased demand for new cutting tool technologies. The need for faster and more accurate methods will remain the same as the products on the market continue to develop in complexity. To conclude the ceramic and manufacture process put forward can be projected to be a positive step for RAC after considering the factors involved. The only problem to resolve before proceeding with the decision is the patent on the ceramic and its method. Once this is resolved the decision to proceed is an easy one and should lead to business success.

Integrating Texts and Graphics into Your Writing :: Writing Education Essays

Integrating Texts and Graphics into Your Writing My advice for students about integrating texts and graphics would be to figure out how to combine them most appropriately for what you want to convey, whether it be an informational article or a creative story. In most cases, especially in technical writing, the main purpose of graphics is to explain something faster or organize the information better. Last spring in technical writing, we focused a lot on how to use our graphics in our final proposal to add to the written information, not take away from it. We used charts for comparison of statistics and diagrams to show how something is assembled. Something else to keep in mind is that graphics do not just mean photos. Graphics are everything from a plain border around a page to a colorful subheading or even a callout box to draw special attention to a quote. These things can make a document more aesthetically appealing and keep the reader’s attention. When a reader sees a full page of text and nothing else, it can be quite o verwhelming if there is nothing to break up the information. Subheadings are a great way to divide sections of text for easy reading. I don’t think a picture should be put into a document for no reason as that would take away from what the writer wants to say. If the picture is not related to anything but is just there to be cute, then don’t use it at all. For instance, I would not put a flowery border around this document right now because that would be completely irrelevant, although quite lovely I’m sure. Having said that, understand that technical writing is different from creative writing. If you are writing a poem or story and pictures could really add something significant to it, then it is wonderful to use appropriate graphics to do that. As McCloud states in â€Å"Show and Tell,† â€Å"the different ways in which words and pictures can combine is virtually unlimited.† It is good to be creative, but also remember the purpose of your graphics and the flow and readability of your pages. If it is too crowded or busy, the reader may give up trying to figure out what you want to focus on. McCloud lays out at least a dozen ways that pictures can accompany words to more completely present an idea or story.

Trompenaars vs. Hofstede

Trompenaars vs. Hofstede 1. 2. Introduction †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 2 Cultural Dimensions of Hofstede and Trompenaars †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 3 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Analogies or identities of the cultural dimensions †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 5 Differences of the dimensions †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 7 Advantages and Risks seeing the world a nd cultures with dimensions †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Effects on practice operation †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 8 Personal meaning and consequences of the dimensions †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 9 2. 1. 2. 2. Hofstedes’ Dimensions†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 3 Trompenaars’ Dimensions †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚ ¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 4 1. Introduction Nowadays a lot of companies operate in a multitude of distinct countries.However, if we do a double take, it is evident that multinational enterprises and their strategies differ from country to country. If not, it might be the case that those companies will fail. For example Wal-Mart opted for entering the Japanese market. Unfortunately, they tried implement the American strategy in Japan. Americans were keen on bargain buys in huge amounts 24 hours a day. Whereas the discount strategy in the USA has been very successful, it had adverse effects in Japan. Japanese people equated low prices to low quality and thus didn’t want to buy at Wal-Mart.Moreover, Japanese weren’t used to the fact that a store was open 24 hours per day. Such misunderstandings cause huge trouble. For some situations we cannot prepare. However, it would have been important for WalMart to analyze the Japanese culture in depth before starting business there. If we look at everyday life it is safe to say that all people have the problem how to cope with people’s relationship to time, nature and other human beings. The solutions how to get a grip on these problems differ from culture to culture. Consequently, it is important to be aware of the cultural differences of each country.Trompenaars and Hofstede give some propositions how to classify cultures. 2 2. Cultural Dimensions of Hofstede and Trompenaars 2. 1. Hofstedes’ Dimensions Geert Hofstede filtered out 5 dimensions which indicate how people are influenced by their culture especially in the workplace. The first dimension refers to identity. The dimension Collectivism vs. individualism reflects the relationship between an individual and the group. In more individualistic societies the emphasis is put on freedom, personal achievement and individual identity. Consequently, ties in a group (e. g. he family, workgroup) are loose. People manifest a higher incentive for self -initiative and try to take care of themselves. In contrast, collectivistic cultures place great value on the common interest of a group, harmony between members and taking care of each other. There is a clear distinction between inand outsiders. If an outsider takes face of one group member the entire group feels offended and avoids contact with the troublemaker. Secondly, Power Distance deals with hierarchy and the degree of inequality between members of a society which is adopted as a natural state of affairs.In high power distance countries inequality in physical and intellectual capabilities is considered to be normal. Subordinates are in for displaying obedience to the boss. There is a pronounced sense of hierarchy and people enjoying a high status reveal their power. Whereas societies that rank low on power distance play down hierarchy and stress equality. There is no focus on titles and positions and leaders do not exhibit their skills obviously. Masculinity vs. Femininity i s about relationship between gender and work roles. In male-dominated cultures sex roles are sharply differentiated.There is a clear role distribution which suggests itself in the fact that men are superior to women and men normally occupy management positions. Hence, the focus is on achievement, competition and ‘fighting’. However, in female oriented cultures genders are less distinguished and both genders play the same role. These cultures stress care, compromise and harmony. The fourth dimension called Uncertainty Avoidance aims at the way people try to get a grip on unpredictable and ambiguous situations. People living in a culture with strong uncertainty avoidance have fear of the unknown.Therefore elaborate rules, regulations, and clear orders exist. Cultures with a low uncertainty avoidance tolerate differences, unanticipated situations and are more open toward change. People make decisions which are subject to individual discretion and which are based on more un iversal rules. Long-Term Orientation vs. Short-Term Orientation relate to the choice between future and present virtue. In other words, Hofstede’s last dimension can be seen as an indicator for a society’s attitude toward time and tradition. Values associated with Long-Term Orientation are thrift, filial piety and perseverance.Young people should sacrifice their pleasures of their life at their young age for the sake of the benefit of their future. Values associated with Short Term Orientation are respect for tradition, fulfilling social obligations, and protecting one's ‘face'. Consequently, this orientation is more oriented toward the past and the present. 3 2. 2. Trompenaars’ Dimensions Trompenaars explored how people relate in private, business life and moral conflicts. Afterwards he extracted seven dimensions. The first dimension Universalism vs. Particularism can be prescribed with key words as rules vs. elationships. In universalistic cultures peopl e are supposed to strictly adhere to standards and rules. Consequently, infringing the right (regardless of the reason) is equivalent to undermining morals and should be punished. There are no exceptions. In particularistic societies obligations to the closer surrounding enjoy highest priority. Protecting your members (e. g. family, friends) is more important than observing law. In case of Collectivism vs. Individualism the question arises if people attribute more importance to oneself or to the group.In individualistic cultures there is a clear distinction of individuals within a group. It is common that personal achievement is rewarded and people are motivated to improve their individual performance in order to be promoted. Representatives of a group or a company are allowed to make binding decisions on their own. In collectivistic cultures people identify themselves with the group. High achievement of one person is put down to the good performance of the entire group and thus suc cess is shared within the group. Only the whole team or at least a certain number of members make decisions and take responsibility.The dimension Neutral vs. Affective deals with the range of expressed feelings. Neutral societies avoid to demonstrate feelings and strong gestures and hence try to display controlled behavior. If someone reveals anger or aggression this behavior is tantamount to unprofessionalism. Discussions are lead on a factual level. However, in affective cultures expression of feelings either verbally or nonverbally is normal. People expect direct emotional answers and appreciate vital and animated expressions. In the fourth place, Diffuse vs.Specific relates to the strategies and approaches for getting to know each other. People living in a specific/low context culture pursue a purpose in relating with another person, thus prefer direct and to the point communication. People clearly distinguish between private and business life e. g. titles are used in the job wo rld not in private life. As the private sphere is relatively small only few people take part in one’s private life. In diffuse/high context cultures every life space permeates all others which means that everything is connected to everything.Even employers can take an active part of the worker’s private life. Achievement vs. Ascription refers to the accord of status. Achieved status is equivalent to success because of taking action. Managers are of different age and gender as they have reached the position due to performance, knowledge and skills. Ascribed status represents the opposite side. High status does not have to be justified. It is rather independent of task or specific function. Often external factors like age, gender, connections, education and family background decide on the status.The sixth dimension Sequential vs. Synchronic deals with time management. In synchronic cultures the emphasis is on the number of activities taking place in parallel. People plac e great value on the targets and not on the way and sequence an objective will be reached. Consequently, deadlines are untypical as the schedule is open for unplanned incidents. In general, relationship is more important than tight schedules. In sequential societies events which are often slated in a plan pass step by step. Tight order, punctuality and deadlines are of paramount importance.As a result, people are unable to act in turbulent environments and dislike unanticipated situations. Relationships serve as instruments and thus are inferior to schedules. 4 Last but not least the dimension Internal Control vs. External Control is about human’s relation to nature. This can be transcended to human’s relation to an organization, government and the market. In internal controlled cultures people have the conviction to be able to control their environment even if they have to use aggressiveness. Nature is equivalent to a complex machine which can be controlled if someone could develop an expertise.Therefore success and failure should be put down to the individual endeavors rather than to environment and general-set up. However, in external controlled societies environment is taken more into account because people consider themselves to be a part of nature. As external forces can strongly influence one’s life people try to be in harmony with their environment. They adapt to their surroundings, e. g. to customers, to their colleagues or they react flexibly to market forces. Afterwards they try to react in an appropriate way. 3.Analogies or identities of the cultural dimensions Trompenaars and Hofstede filtered out the same dimension Individualism vs. Collectivism. These ideologies are the platform for political and economic systems. China is a textbook example for a collectivistic country whereas the United States represent an individualistic country. In China ‘we’ occupies center stage and members of a group experience improvemen t of their life by taking care of each other and by maintaining harmony. Consequently, pay-for-performance of a single person is rejected in collectivistic cultures.Bonus payment to one person does not reflect the fact that the whole group contributes to success of each single group member. Reward of a single person would only destroy harmony within the group and would demotivate essential teamwork. However, in the US people rather concentrate on their own life. Each person takes the responsibility to improve one’s situation by working hard on one’s own. Bonus payment stimulates the propensity to perform better and to stand out against workmates. Trompenaars dimension Universalism vs. Particularism goes hand in hand with Individualism vs. Collectivism.Americans being universalists and individualists emphasize equal treatment of everyone according to the law. E. g. If the best friend killed someone the universalist giving testimony would tell the truth in order to adher e to the law. The relationship to the friend would be neglected just to restore order as killing someone is immoral. As opposed to this, in China relationship is superior to law. The Chinese friend would lie to protect the friend who is in real trouble. The dimension Specific vs. Diffuse reveals some analogies with regard to the dimension Individualism vs. Collectivism.In specific countries or low context countries, e. g. America, business is done even if both parties haven’t established a relationship. Long communication is not necessary as the contract contains every little detail. This demonstrates that the emphasis is put on the task and on the achievement of the individual representing the company rather than on the relationship. Whereas in China companies would only strike a deal if a relationship was established successfully. In diffuse/high context cultures privacy sphere is only marginal and confidence decides on business operation.In other words, relationship and gr oup orientedness is superior to task. 5 Individualism vs. Collectivism also correlates with Short-Term-orientation/Long-Termorientation. In East-Asian countries, e. g. China, Hong Kong, Taiwan the relationship between workers and management in a company is vital. This fact can be put down to Confucianism and the concept of reciprocal obligation. Bosses protect their workers and offer them a life-time employment. In return, their subordinates are loyal and respectful. Everyone (the whole group) is responsible to contribute to the long-lasting success in the company.In Western countries, e. g. the United States people are not keen on life-time employment. They want to change their job if they have an opportunity for a better career. Managers siphon off high bonus (short term) payments if the company’s profits and numbers in the last business year are excellent. As a result, managers are not interested in sustainability but in short-term profit. Individualism vs. Collectivism in fluences Trompenaars dimension Internal Control/External Control. The political system collectivism goes hand in hand with the economic system command economy.Even if China is a mixed economy government controls life of its citizens and of each individual e. g. via censorship. Consequently, Chinese people are externalistic as government (metaphor for environment) actively shapes their lives and people haven’t had control over government. Contrary to this, Germans living in individualism and market economy are internalistic. Companies can function as lobbyists and can actively influence governmental activities. Another two dimensions which have similarities are Hofstede’s Power Distance and Trompenaars Achievement vs. Ascription.The Indian Caste system reflects High Power Distance. If someone was born into the lowest group (Shudra) of the caste system (let alone the Untouchables) this person will always belong to this caste. Shudras have to accept the fact that they wil l always be inferior to people belonging to the upper castes. The caste determines the quality of life including the profession. A Brahmin, belonging to the highest caste, will always be respected and occupies the most powerful standing in society. This fact equates with Ascription as the Indian cadre originates from a renowned family background and has normally reached a decent age.Subordinates are loyal and respectful as they can only survive with the help of the upper castes and thus are highly dependent on them. Hence, superiors dictate the conditions and take responsibility for everything. The hierarchy within the caste system is reflected in a steep hierarchy in companies and institutions. Germany being a Low Power Distance country can be considered as the opposite. Family background could help to find a job but doesn’t decide on the career track of a person. If someone distinguishes oneself from the mass because of excellent performance and great talent this person wil l probably climb up the career ladder.This example can be clearly associated with Trompenaars dimension achievement. It is also very important to remark that both staff and bosses should be treated almost equally as the roles and positions can be changed very fast due to achievement. Even if some analogies match with my example this doesn’t mean that the two dimensions compared have similarities in all areas and situations. I extracted some points of intersection. 6 4. Differences of the dimensions The other dimensions not mentioned in the prior passage may sometimes have minor similarities which are notwithstanding outweighed by the differences of their meanings.I deliberately turned my back on the analogies between the dimensions of the same author. Geert Hofstede concentrated on the subject how cultural differences influence organization, management and relationship between people whereas Trompenaars shed some light on people’s relationship to time, nature and other human beings. Trompenaars neglected the topic gender which deals with a substantial question how the roles in the family are defined. This also manifests itself in the management structure of a company. In female oriented cultures, e. g. n Scandinavian countries men go on parental leave and women equally occupy leading positions. Whereas in a male- oriented culture like Germany a dog-eats-dog society has been generated, in Norway a woman striving for her own benefit and thus threatening cooperation and harmony will be looked down upon. Trompenaars did not deal with search for Truth. Hofstede’s Uncertainty Avoidance indicates how people try to grapple with unstructured situations. United States e. g. ranking low on Uncertainty Avoidance are not risk averse. The current financial crisis was triggered by hazardous behavior.American banks granted credits to people who couldn’t afford them. Germany ranking high on the uncertainty avoidance is often criticized for its burea ucracy. Elaborate rules and regulations should avoid uncertainty, can however cause a lot of paper work. One can also find some topics Hofstede did not have a focus on. Firstly, Hofstede did not consider the range of feelings expressed (neutral vs. emotional) which of course determine communication and behavior of people. Secondly, Hofstede did not describe the dimension dealing with range of involvement (diffuse vs. specific).Last but not least Hofstede did not mention explicitly time management (sequential vs. synchronic). 5. Advantages and Risks seeing the world and cultures with dimensions It is safe to say that dimensions can help people (that have never been to a certain country) to become more sensitive for intercultural understanding. Not until people are aware of idiosyncrasies of their own culture they can easier get to know other cultures. If someone (e. g. an expatriate) is undetermined in which country to go dimensions can help to get a first impression and contain the number of possible destinations depending on the criteria.After having chosen a country the expatriate should acquire theoretical knowledge about important symbols, rituals and common manners. Being abroad he/she can try to apply dimensions practically especially during the first days in the new surrounding as the person does not know how to behave properly. Most notably at the first meeting people need a first point of orientation to avoid big no go’s. 7 However, getting to know other cultures means learning by doing and trial by error. According to the iceberg model visible and expected occurrences account for only 10%. Consequently, 90% of our experiences with other cultures happen unsuspectedly.That’s why we should not overestimate and read too much into dimensions. A risk which arises when applying dimensions is to misunderstand and misuse them. The peculiarity of a dimension is highly dependent on the situation and on the counterpart’s personality. Dimensi ons do not reflect individual cultural preferences but convey an average and general behavior of the population living in a culture. An adverse effect is also that stereotypes are created and reinforced. Another problem point is that Hofstede carried out his studies (which serve as basis for the dimensions) at the end of the 60s.These studies are only a snapshot and did not take into consideration that culture evolves over time. Especially changes in economic or political environment, e. g. the demise of Communism in Eastern Europe or globalization, heavily affect transformation of cultures. Apart from that, both authors assumed that there is a one-to-one correspondence between culture and nation state which is sometimes not the case. In some countries, e. g. Canada, more than one culture can be found. There are even major differences of behavior between regions of a country. 6.Effects on practice operation Before going abroad expatriates should grasp how much preparation is require d to cope with the difference between the own and the foreign culture. Even if an expatriate cannot prepare for the unexpected situations abroad preparation should lead to willingness of flexibility and adaption while interacting with foreigners. However, an expatriate should know the future task in the foreign country which indicates the role and needed appearance of the expatriate. This depends on the target and the way of the company how to expand internationally.If a company opts for setting-up a new subsidiary abroad, the so called greenfield start, optimally a group of expatriates is sent to a foreign country. The task of the expatriates is to find out whether the strategy and the culture of the company can be reconciled with the foreign culture. They experience intensively foreign norms and values and try to recruit suitable locals in order to build up the new plant together. The difficulty is to decide if it is worthwile to establish a company in this country. It is evident that this decision should not be made on the basis of the dimensions.Secondly, the foreign members should be conscious of the fact that national values and norms have to be brought in line with the native corporate culture. This will only happen if the expatriates and the foreign workers could successfully build confidence so that the foreigners feel also loyal to a foreign company. My initial example with Wal-Mart showed that the company failed to apply a right strategy. If a company plans an acquisition with a foreign country expatriates should first analyze the business culture of the own and the future company. Moreover, expatriates should consider also the foreign culture!There is a high potential of conflicts as normally the managers of the foreign company are made redundant and are superseded by expatriates. The question is if those expatriates will be accepted by the national workers and if they are capable of doing successfully business in the foreign surrounding. 8 Irrespe ctive of the distinct possibilities to enter a foreign market intercultural sensitivity (both of the own and the foreign country) is the be-all and end-all. Therefore it is of paramount importance to go abroad as prepared and unprejudiced as possible.If expatriates succeed internalizing these facts they can close the distance gap between two companies operating in distinct countries. 7. Personal meaning and consequences of the dimensions My next job abroad will be as an intern not as an expatriate. That’s why I will refer to my internship in China. Generally speaking it would be easier for me to do my internship in countries where I can speak the language (German, English, French, Polish, Spanish). It is obvious that mainly Western countries are involved (e. g. America, European countries). All of them embrace democracy and in large part stress individualism. The frame’ would be alike and I could concentrate on concept of time, privacy, and way of life. However, in cou ntries were political and economic systems are at odds with democracy almost everything is different like in China. Dimensions confirm this statement. I deliberately chose a country which is unfamiliar to me as this poses a considerable challenge. The problem point is that I am permanently influenced by Western media. This leads to the fact that my subconsciousness would like to dictate that the opposite culture is different and thus ‘wrong’.I personally do not think that the other culture is ‘wrong’. I am more afraid of putting my foot in it in momentous situations. Firstly, I am used to sharing my experiences with others and of being in a group, but in a smaller one. The size of the group (especially the quantity of people on the street) will be a change. Secondly, I am used to voicing my opinion freely and saying ‘yes or no’ even in team work. This will not be possible anymore as I should not take someone’s face and indirectly the fac e of the group. I should get used to going around in circles particularly during discussions.Apart from that it is normal for me to solve problems when they arise. However, I have to adapt the fact that I should circumvent it. Ignoring these factors could lead to tensions which would have detrimental effects on the relationship between the staff and me. I am dependent on their explanation! Even if I think that in a special case the ‘German’ way of doing it would be more appropriate and efficient these thoughts should not prevail! My individual target and opinion should not be on top anymore! In general, I am a optimistic person and I like it to smile.In China people smile even if they are angry. It will be a challenge for me to estimate the feelings correctly and to deal with it. Also the perception of time and structure pose risks to me as I will certainly be confused if deadlines are not met and order is neglected. These are only few situations and points which could cause trouble and uncertainty. My examples reflect some of the dimensions, e. g. individualism vs. collectivism, diffuse vs. specific, uncertainty avoidance,†¦ Despite everything I look forward to my experience abroad and consider this seminar paper as a minor part of my preparation. 9